Lords of the Earth, Campaign Lords 12

Turn 2

1006-1010 A.D.

 


Northern Europe

MERCENARY POOL:   5c,5i,2s,5w
MERCENARY AQRS:  c3,i5,s3,w5
MERCENARY LEADERS:

Jarldom of Denmark (Viborg in Denmark)

(Roman Catholic Seafaring Open Empire)
Svien Forkbeard,
Diplomacy:

Svien sent men into Skane with funds to hire laborers to begin clearing away farm land. The Danish military remained vigilant but stayed home.
 

Jarldom of Norway (Trondheim in Trondheim)

(European Pagan Seafaring Open Empire)
Olaf Tryggvason,
Diplomacy: none


 

Jarldom of Sweden (Uppsala in Uppsala)

(European Pagan Seafaring Open Empire)
Olaf Skotkonung,
Diplomacy:
 

Saxon England (London in Sussex)

(Roman Catholic Civilized Open Empire)
Ethelred,
Diplomacy:

slept.....
 

The Kingdom of Scotland (Edinburgh in Lothian)

(Roman Catholic Civilized Open Empire)
Malcolm II,
Diplomacy: Strathclyde (t), Highlands (-1 yfc)

The Scots were given control over the highlands by the Norse but the diplomatic effort their only proved to the King that the highlanders thought the southern low landers were annoying and troublesome.
 


Western Europe

Muslim

Catholic

MERCENARY POOL:   6c,10i,2s,5w 15c,25i,5s,10w
MERCENARY AQRS:  c5,i4,s3,w4 c5,i4,s3,w4
MERCENARY LEADERS:

Caliphate of Cordoba

(Sunni Islam Civilized Open Empire)
Al'Mansur,
Diplomacy:

1006:
Spring: The Caliph was not happy "The troublesome Imperials broke my warnings of interference south of the Pyrenees and inside the Cordoban Sphere of Influence." He did not wait, he marched his army into Old Castille and then into Aragon.

Summer: The Caliph continued to wait in Aragon to see what the Christians would do. A Cordoban fleet began to prey upon Christian merchants vessels in the Gulf of Lyon. The Christians for their part waited for reinforcements to come.

Fall: The Caliph's army begins to cross into Catalonia, no more waiting! A Venetian force arrives off the coast of the Baelerics and begans to land. In western Iberia a Norwegian fleet begins to send raiders into Portugal.

1007:
Spring:
The Caliph's army pushed deeper into Catalonia. In April battle is joined. The Caliph's forces number 33,000 and are mostly cavalry. The Christians have about 22,000 and well over half of that is infantry. Both sides execute good battle plans but the numbers and the Christians lack of cavalry really hurts them. As the day wears on the Christians casualties mount and they break in mid afternoon and fall back into Barcelona leaving 14,000 dead on the field. The Victorious Cordobans lose around 4,000.

The Venetians easily pacify the Baelerics while the Norse continue to raid Portugal

Summer: A Cordoban navy arrives and bottles up the Barcelona harbor. Fortunately the Christians have stored food for the siege. The Venetians begin to military convert the Baelerics. Norse raids continue in Portugal and a Swedish force arrives off the coast of Granada and begins to land.

Fall: The siege of Barcelona continues...

The Swedes begin pacifying Granada.

1008:
Spring:
The siege of Barcelona continues...

The Swedes loot Granada.

Summer: The siege of Barcelona continues...

The Swedes begin a siege of the city of Granada which capitulates in August. TheVenetian navy begins to engage in Piracy in the sea of Gades. The Norse move their raids to Estremadura.

Fall: The siege of Barcelona continues...

The Swedes sack Granada. The Venetians continue their piracy and the Norse their raids in Estremadura.

In October the food runs out in Barcelona

1009:
Spring:
The starvation of Barcelona continues...

The Swedes sail for home with their plunder. The Norse king takes a wound (rumor has it one of his rape victims clawed him) to his eye and loses sight in it. The Norse sail for home. The Venetians raid into Cheliff and the Cordoban garrison is mauled, the region goes independant.

Summer: The starvation of Barcelona continues...

Venice slave raids into Cheliff, raids Andalusia for gold.

Fall: The starvation of Barcelona continues...

Venice raids Andalusia for slaves.

1010:
In March the defenders of Barcelona, starved skeletons that they are, surrender to the Caliph. The collapse of the Catalonian state happens as a result of there being zero surviving national leadership.

Venice raids into Valencia for gold and slaves and this ends the fighting for the year...

Catalonian Marches

(Roman Catholic Civilized Open Empire)
Henry,
Diplomacy:

 

Duchy of Normandy ( Naples in Campania )

(Roman Catholic Civilized Open Empire)
Robert,
Diplomacy: Campania (f)

The Normans had been planning to move south to Italy for a few years now. The Pope and the French King had offered the deal to the Normans. A deal was also struck with the Roman Empire. Southern Italy would be ruled by the Normans. Duke Robert and his men marched south through France where they picked up Gold. Behind in Normandy the remaining nobles threw off Robert's rule. Duke Robert and his men arrived in Naples where he set up the Norman court. Rome was good and the surrounding lands were turned over. The locals in Campania seemed please to have a strong leader, Rome was usually to busy looking east to care much about Italy. After some brief talks they fully embaced their new Lord.
 

Duchy of Venice

(Roman Catholic Seafaring Open Empire)
Pietro II Orseolo, Doge of Venice
Diplomacy:
 

Kingdom of France

(Roman Catholic Civilized Open Empire)
Robert the Pious,
Diplomacy:
 

The Holy Roman Empire

(Roman Catholic Civilized Open Empire)
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Germany, Italy and Burgundy, Duke of Saxony, Servant of the Apostles.
Diplomacy:
 

The Roman Catholic Papacy

(Roman Catholic Civilized Religious Primacy)
Gabriel I,
Diplomacy:

While the Pope's eyes watched Spain (See Cordoba) with worry other Papal leaders were busy as well. Marco was dispatched to various lands to try to raise a tithe. He had mixed results and was in London when word came that the Pope had died and the the Cardinals had selected him as the new Pope. He took the name Gabriel I.
 


Eastern Europe

MERCENARY POOL:   5c,10i,2s,5w
MERCENARY AQRS:  c2,i5,s2,w3
MERCENARY LEADERS:

Kievian Rus

(Eastern Orthodox Civilized Open Empire)
Vladimir,
Diplomacy:
 
Open for a player...

(see The Khazar Khanate )

Kingdom of Poland (Warszawa in Poland)

(Roman Catholic Civilized Open Empire)
Boleslaw,
Diplomacy: Meissen (nt)

The Poles sent trade north from their new port capital. Diplomatic missions to the germans in Meissen were also somewhat successful.
 

Magyarskorzag

(Roman Catholic Civilized Open Empire)
Stephan,
Diplomacy: Pecs (f), Transylvania (ea)

Prince Imre continued his good will missions with various clan leaders with some good success. King Stephan mourned the death of his wife but managed to hold court and collect the taxes owed him despite his grief.
 

The Eastern Orthodox Church

(Eastern Orthodox Civilized Religious Primacy)
Sergius II,
Diplomacy: Bulgaria (ne), Sofia (ch)

The Balkans continued to be the main focus of the Patriarch. Missionaries were sent into various lands and praise be to God the majority of the populace in Ialomita and Ludgorie were now said to be christians. Across the Black Sea in Atelzuko father Alexander was martyred for preaching the  gospil to the pagans.

The Roman Empire ( Constantinople in Constantinople )

(Eastern Orthodox Civilized Open Empire)
Basil II,
Diplomacy:

The Emperor stared at the dispatches before him.  It was a disaster: the Caliph dead, the Turks swarming over Baghdad like flies on camel dung.    “Master Secretary send word to the Fatamid. General prepare the army to march east,” commanded the Emperor. 

Just prior to the army’s march east, the Emperor addresses each legion with these words: 

“Soldiers of the Eastern Army, many of you have served in the Balkans and killed many a Bulgur for your Emperor.  Today, I give you the opportunity to kill Turks! Remember, the Turk like the Bulgur is subhuman... both spawned form the same womb. They will not give nor ask for quarter. Kill without mercy.  Bring me the head of their leader and I will honor you and your legion.  Show our allies how true Romans kill.”

(see The Eastern War)

Coins in Constantinople began to be minted showing Basil as "the Turk slayer"

The Kingdom of Bulgaria (Sofia in Bulgaria)

(Eastern Orthodox Civilized Open Empire)
Samuil, Tsar of the Bulgars
Diplomacy:

Open for player
 

The Khazar Khanate

(Asiatic Pagan  Nomadic Open Empire)
Bulchan Khan,
Diplomacy: Patzinak (f)

The Khazar continued to show contempt for their neighbors as they raided for slaves and gold into Georgia, Polovotsky, Levidia, and Taman. Loaded up with all they could carry they returned to Khazar to celebrate.

Volga Bulgar

(Asiatic Pagan Nomadic Open Empire)
Bolgar Khan,
Diplomacy:

Open for a player

 

 


Middle East

MERCENARY POOL:   12c,20i,5s,5w
MERCENARY AQRS:  c6,i5,s5,w3
MERCENARY LEADERS:

The Eastern War

1006: The Seljuk and Ghaznavids split up. The Ghaznavids marched south and invaded Abadan and easily subdued the land. The Seljuks meanwhile headed north into Mosul in search of the remaining Buhwayid forces. The Buhwayids were not sticking around and fled north and west toward Aleppo to meet up with the Roman and Fatamid forces that were on the move. The Seljuks took the city of Mosul but when the Buhwayids were not to be found they left the city and did not bother to leave a garrison as their tribes and army headed west.

1007:
Spring:
The Ghaznavids put Basra under siege. The Seljuks began crossing into Aleppo where the allied (Rome, Fatamids, and Buhwayids) were assembling. The allies mustered out to face the Seljuks a few miles east of Antioch. The Seljuks had 126,000 men and were supremely confident as they faced the 88,000 men (mostly Romans) of the allied force. The Roman Emperor used the Seljuks confidence to get them to make head long dashes into his well formed ranks while his arab allies with their light cavalry harrassed the Seljuk flanks. Over and over the Seljuks charged only to be repulsed. Only when Arsen Khan fell did the Seljuks lose heart and retreat from the field. Arsen Khan had 23,000 fellow Turks to travel with him on his road to the after life. The victorious allied force lost over 14,000 men.

Summer: The Ghaznavids pressed their siege of Basra and in June the city fell. Word of the Seljuk's defeat reached Mahmud and the Ghaznavids began marching north after leaving a garrison in Basra. The Seljuk's retreated through Palmyra while the Allied army marched into Edessa.

Fall: The Seljuks regrouped in Mosul and the Ghaznavids made it into Mesopotamia before going into winter quarters. The Allied force likewise halted for the year in Carhae. 

1008:
Spring: The coming of spring in Mosul saw the arrival of the Ghaznavids from the south and the alliance forces from the north. The Seljuk and Ghaznavids had a two to one advantage in men but Basil was not afraid. Basil pressed his attacks early in the day and almost paid for it as his more numerous enemies held his attacks and began to envelop his flanks. The Fatamid Vizer Barakat was wounded trying to prevent the collapse of the allied left flank. Only the sheer discipline of the Roman center prevented a retreat but the Roman's paid dearly to hold. Kilij Khan grew angrier and angrier as the stubborn allied army refused to retreat before the hammer blows of his cavalry. His anger drove him to recklessness and the Khan gave up trying to flank the allies and ordered repeated head on charges into the strength of the Roman lines. In the last charge of the day the Khan himself was wounded. Mahmud ordered the retreat and the Seljuks and Ghaznavids gave the field to the stubborn allied force. The Allies had paid dearly for their "victory" however as they lost over 30,000 men (mostly Roman infantry) to the Seljuk/Ghaz losses of about 17,000.

Summer: Both sides regrouped and then the Allies pushed south into Mesopotamia. Basil was growing a bit concerned, losses had been heavy last fight and they were already outnumbered. Yet Basil chose the ground for the coming battle well. He outmanuevered the Turk and Ghaznavid force and brought them to battle on ground favorable to the allies. It was a lopsided affair from the begining as the allied army hammered their enemies. The Ghaznavid Emperor Mahmud was killed and his army routed. Kilij Khan was still not recovered from his earlier wounds and so the nearly unled army was routed with the death of Mahmud. The Seljuk/Ghaz host lost over 23,000 men, the victorious allies loss about 11,000.

Fall: The allies began to set up siege lines around Baghdad as winter came on. The defeated Seljuk/Ghaz force limped into Hahmar.

1009-1010:
The siege of Baghdad was pressed hard and the Ghaznavid garrison held out till May, but when a breach was made the city quickly fell. The Allies held in place with the liberation of Baghdad. In Hahmar the leaderless Ghaznavid force regrouped and remained in place with their Seljuk allies.

 

Buhwayid Caliphate ( Baghdad in Mesopotamia )

(Shi'a Islam Civilized Open Empire)
Al'Basasiri,
Diplomacy:

(See The Eastern War)

The Seljuk Turks

(Sunni Islam Nomadic Open Empire)
Kilij,
Diplomacy:

(See The Eastern War)

The Fatamid Caliphate ( Cairo in Faiyum )

(Sunni Islam Civilized Open Empire)
al-Hakim,
Diplomacy:

Their was growing concern over the hammering the Buhwayids had taken. Embassies were sent to and from the Romans and surviving Buhwayids and soon an alliance to repel the steppe invaders was arranged (see The Eastern War)

The Emirate of Sheba

(Sunni Islam Civilized Open Empire)
Sheba King,
Diplomacy:

Open for a player

 


West Africa

MERCENARY POOL:   10i
MERCENARY AQRS:  c0,i5,s0,w0
MERCENARY LEADERS:

Kingdom of Takrur

(African Pagan Civilized Open Empire)
Yugada,
Diplomacy:

open for a player 

Kingdom of Aouquar

(African Pagan Civilized Open Empire)
Kwame, Soninke Kaya of Aouquar and Ghanas Ouagadou
Diplomacy: Susu (nt)

Kwame continued to build a stable prosporous society. Improvements were made to Kumbi Saleh as well. The arrival of a Papal emmisary was met with courtesy and respect. Father Adalbert preached the faith of the christians but he had no success in finding converts before he headed back to europe. Lord Mande was sent to Susu where talks with the locals proved fruitful.
 

Kingdom of Songhai

(African Pagan Civilized Open Empire)
Kumbayal,
Diplomacy: Dogamba (nt)

Diplomatic missions to Dogamba paid off and the economy grew as trade was expanded down the Niger River and across the Sahara.

The Hausa States

(African Pagan Civilized Open Empire)
Nyambe,
Diplomacy:

open for a player
 

The Kingdom of Akan

(African Pagan Civilized Open Empire)
Akan King,
Diplomacy:

Open for player

The Kingdom of Ife

(African Pagan Civilized Open Empire)
Aren ,
Diplomacy:

The King spent his days listening to complaints and issuing judgements, ah the life of a King. In addition he ordered a census be taken, it was important that he get all the taxes his thrown was entitled to.
 

The Kingdom of Kanem-Bornu

(African Pagan Civilized Open Empire)
Lammne,
Diplomacy: Kano (nt)

Life was quiet in Kanem, though there were rumors of stirrings of war from Hausa...

The Kingdom of Benin

(African Pagan Civilized Open Empire)
Keenil,
Diplomacy: Kwararafa (t)

Tribute was arranged from Kwararafa and a capital city called Mtoto was built.

 


East Africa

MERCENARY POOL:   5c,5i,0s,5w
MERCENARY AQRS:  c4,i4,s0,w4
MERCENARY LEADERS:

Emirate of Zeila

(Sunni Islam Civilized Open Empire)
al'Amas,
Diplomacy:

Open for a player
 

Kingdom of Zagwe ( Adefa in Sennar )

(Coptic Christian Civilized Open Empire)
Mera,
Diplomacy: Axum (t)




South Africa

MERCENARY POOL:   5i,5w
MERCENARY AQRS:  c0,i5,s0,w5
MERCENARY LEADERS:

Eimirate of Zanzibar  ( Zanzibar in Zanzibar )

(Sunni Islam Civilized Open Empire)
Ibriham,
Diplomacy: Nyasa (ea)

The slaves taken in the past were put to good use as the economy of Zanzibar was improved somewhat.
 

Zulu Empire ( Great Zimbabwe in Rozwi )

(African Pagan Civilized Open Empire)
Buruni,
Diplomacy:

Buruni left his son, Luwesi at home to deal with the clans and collect the taxes while he lead the war host off to war. The Zulu war host marched north and then smashed the hapless tribes in Tongah. Then the Emperor ordered the locals be enslaved.


Central Asia

MERCENARY POOL:   10c,10xc,10i
MERCENARY AQRS:  c7,i3
MERCENARY LEADERS:

The Kingdom of Tibet ( Lhasa in Tibet )

(Buddhist Civilized Open Empire)
Dhalai Lama,
Diplomacy:

Open for a player
 

The Ghaznavid Empire ( Kabul in Afghanistan )

(Shi'a Islam Civilized Open Empire)
Ali Mohammad,
Diplomacy: Abadan (p), Basra (p)

While his father was off at war (see The Eastern War) Prince Ali was busy taking care of the day to day affairs at court. A census was taken of the large Empire as well. Word of the disaster in the west was met with shock, but Prince, now Emperor, Ali was determined to see his father avenged.

 


India

MERCENARY POOL:   5c,10i,5s,5w
MERCENARY AQRS:  c6,i5,s5,w2
MERCENARY LEADERS:

HIRED MERCS
Rajput - 5c,10i
Uttar Pradesh - 5s


The Ganges War

1006: Rajput and Maghada would continue their war and King Chandradeava of Rajput was happy that he had made a deal with Chola to have their troops come north and help. The King was confident that his plan would decide the fate of Northern India. He waited through the Spring and into early summer for his Maghadan allies to arrive, which they did. A small force of cavalry from Uttar Pradesh raides across the border but quickly ran from superior numbers. Summer turned to fall and then to winter and still the Cholans had not arrived or sent word.

1007: In the Spring the joint Rajput-Maghadan forces began to move west after waiting and still hearing no word from Chola. Uttar Pradesh turns out to be a land full of field forts and the invaders have very few siege engineers to help. Infantry swarm over forts in furious fighting as Uttar cavalry duels with the invading cavalry. Several forts were taken and others became killing grounds as one side then the other would take the position. Casualties mounted  for the Rajput and Maghadans. King Amhivarta of Maghada fell with a arrow in his shoulder at one point, his men succesfully pulled him out of the battle. Eventually the attackers morale collapsed and they retreated back into Rajput leaving behind over 12,000 dead, Uttar had suffered just under 4,000 in losses. They regrouped in Rajput and word came that Rajput scouts had met up with the Cholans and were guiding them through Jihjhoti.

1008:  The Cholans finished marching through Jijhoti and began to cross into Rajput. Kings Chandradeava and Amhivarta, who was healed from his wound the previous year, made their plans to renew the campaign aginst Uttar Pradesh now that their Cholan allies were finally on the way. They only had about 16,000 men left but the Cholans were bringing 36,000 fresh troops. The Cholans entered Rajput in April and all forces began marching west toward the Uttar border. Amhivarta of Maghada was confident their alliance would prevail now. That illusion was shattered when arrows began to hit his column of men and Cholan cavalry charged into his army on the march. Amhivarta tried to rally his men in the chaos, surprise was total. The Cholan infantry attacked the hand full of Rajputan forts. Soon most were on fire. Cholan troops were victorious everywhere and Amhivarta was wounded in the side but fought on in a desperate attempt to get his army to safety. Yet it was not to be the wounded King passed out and his army fled the field and headed east with their wounded king. The Rajput army faced a similar defeat. King Chandradeava was killed early in the fighting and his army was butchered. The Rajput survivors retreated into Benares. Chola lost over 4,000 dead in their attack  but they had killed 11,000 plus Rajput and Maghadan troops. Chola spent the rest of the spring and part of the summer finishing mopping up, they then began to dig siege lines around Benares. The siege did not go well for Rajput, the new King,Ghavandha, was not a warrior like his father. But Prince Rajandra of Chola was a good leader and he pressed the siege hard. Only a thousand Cholan troops would die in the siege as the walls were breached and the defenders put to the sword. The Cholans wintered in the taken Rajput capital.

1009: Benares suffered a horrible fate, the city was sacked without mercy and then set on fire. With the death of the royal family and the loss of the capital and court the country came apart and fell into chaos. Vatsa threw off its Garrison as the Rajput troops deserted and tried to make their way east, each man heading for his own home.

1010: Quiet in northern India at last.

 

 

Kingdom of Chola

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Rajaraja I,
Diplomacy:

(see The Ganges War)
 

Rajputate of Dahala

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Dahala King,
Diplomacy:

Open for a Player
 

Rajputate of Maghada

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Amhivarta,
Diplomacy:

(See The Ganges War)

The King returned to Chandela where he recovered from his wounds and prepared his army in case the back stabbing Cholans came east, they didn't.  

Rajputate of Punjab

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Punjab King,
Diplomacy:

Open for a Player!
 

Rajputate of Tarain

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Tarain King,
Diplomacy:

Open for a player!
 

Rajputate of Uttar Pradesh

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Shushank
Diplomacy:

Victory!

(see The Ganges War) 

The Rajputate of Anhivarta

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Anhivarta King,
Diplomacy:

Open for a Player!
 

The Rajputate of Benares

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Rajput King,
Diplomacy:

Ouch
 

The Rajputate of Gujerat

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Gujerati King,
Diplomacy:

Open for a Player!

 


South East Asia

MERCENARY POOL:  

5c,5i,5s,5w

MERCENARY AQRS: 

c3,i5,s5,w4

MERCENARY LEADERS:

Khemer Empire (Angkor Wat in Khemer)

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
JJayaviravaman,
Diplomacy: Champa (-3yfc), Vijaya (-3 yfc)

The Khemer tried to consolidate their conquest and appease the resentment of their new subjects. Yet diplomatic efforts only proved to insult and anger them more. The King himself grew ill in 1008 and passed away in late summer. His son Jayaviravaman took the throne without challenge. A new city, Psukhothai, was built in Phan Rang.
 

The Kingdom of Annam

(Buddhist Civilized Open Empire)
Trong Hoam,
Diplomacy:

Slept...
 

The Kingdom of Burma

(Buddhist Civilized Open Empire)
Jayavarman,
Diplomacy: Pegu (f)

The clans of Pegu were impressed with the Burmese King and as a result they joined fully with his realm. A city named Ragoo was built on Pegu's coast.  


Kingdom of Moluccas

(Oceanic Pagan Seafaring Open Empire)
Moluccas King,
Diplomacy: Timor (nt)

The King took a bride from Timor as part of negotiations with that island people. The lands of Sulawesi were not completely cleared and farms spread across the island.

Srivijayan Empire ( Sirivjaya in Palembang )

(Hinduism Civilized Open Empire)
Chulamanivarnam,
Diplomacy: Pajajaran (a)

Trade continued to expand as the King set his Lords off to try and secure closer ties with Pajajaran.

 

China & Manchuria

MERCENARY POOL:   10c,10i,5s,5w
MERCENARY AQRS:  c5,i6,s5,w3
MERCENARY LEADERS:

The Kingdom of Korea

(Buddhist Civilized Open Empire)
Mokchong,
Diplomacy: Mantap (t)

Some economic development while Lord Dukyung was sent on embassy to the tribes of the Mantap.
 

The Empire of the Sung

(Buddhist Civilized Open Empire)
Cheng-tsung,
Diplomacy: Kwangchou (a)

Economic development was the order of the day as the Emperor spread gold around to build public improvements to help his people.
 

The Kingdom of Nan Chao

(Buddhist Civilized Open Empire)
Nanchao King,
Diplomacy:

Open for a player
 

The Liao Kingdom

(Buddhist Civilized Open Empire)
Ch'eng-t'ien,
Diplomacy: none

Quiet economic development....

The Kingdom of Hsi-Hsia

(Buddhist Civilized Open Empire)
Li Chi-ch'ien,
Diplomacy:

Slept...

 

Japan

MERCENARY POOL:   5c,5i,5s,5w
MERCENARY AQRS:  c4,i5,s5,w4
MERCENARY LEADERS:

Michinaga Japan

(Shinto Civilized Open Empire)
Michinaga,
Diplomacy: Toyama (+8yfc), Taiwan (ea)

The Emperor's lords continued to use kind words to try and unite the realm. There was a plan to send colonist to Taiwan to build a city...but when suitable transportation couldn't be found the plan was scrapped.